What is toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It commonly infects warm-blooded animals, including humans. Cats are the primary host, and the infection is often transmitted through their feces. While many people may not experience symptoms, toxoplasmosis can be a concern for pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems. Preventive measures include proper hygiene, especially when handling cat litter, and cooking meat thoroughly.
Who does toxoplasmosis affect?
Toxoplasmosis can affect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including humans. However, certain populations are more vulnerable to complications:
Pregnant Women:
Infection during pregnancy can pose risks to the unborn child, potentially leading to congenital toxoplasmosis.
Individuals with Weakened Immune Systems:
People with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy, are at greater risk of severe toxoplasmosis.
Organ Transplant Recipients:
Those who have received organ transplants and are on immunosuppressive medications may be more susceptible to toxoplasmosis.
For healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis often causes mild symptoms or goes unnoticed. Precautions, such as practicing good hygiene and avoiding undercooked meat, can help reduce the risk of infection.
Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy
Toxoplasmosis during pregnancy can be a concern because the infection can potentially be transmitted from the mother to the unborn baby. The severity of the effects depends on the timing of the infection during pregnancy.
Early Pregnancy:
If a woman becomes infected during the early stages of pregnancy, there is a higher risk of the infection affecting the developing fetus. This can lead to serious complications, including congenital disabilities and neurological problems.
Later Pregnancy:
Infections that occur later in pregnancy are less likely to cause severe issues, but there can still be risks of complications.
Preventive measures for pregnant women include:
■ Avoiding raw or undercooked meat:
Especially lamb, pork, and venison.
■ Avoiding contact with cat feces:
If cleaning a cat's litter box, wearing gloves and washing hands thoroughly afterward is recommended.
Regular prenatal check-ups can include screening for toxoplasmosis, and treatment can be provided if an infection is detected. It's essential for pregnant women to discuss any concerns or potential exposures with their healthcare provider.
Toxoplasmosis when you’re immunocompromised
Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those who are immunocompromised due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive treatments, are at a higher risk of severe complications from toxoplasmosis. In these cases:
Central Nervous System Involvement:
Toxoplasmosis can affect the central nervous system, leading to encephalitis (brain inflammation) and causing symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and headaches.
Systemic Spread:
The infection may spread throughout the body, affecting various organs and causing more severe illness.
Reactivation of Latent Infections:
Individuals with weakened immune systems are at risk of the parasite reactivating from a latent state, leading to more severe and recurrent infections.
Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for immunocompromised individuals with toxoplasmosis. Preventive measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding undercooked meat, and minimizing contact with cat feces. Regular medical monitoring and consultation with healthcare providers are essential to manage and mitigate the risks associated with tox
How common is toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis is a relatively common infection worldwide. The prevalence varies by geographic region and is influenced by factors such as climate, cultural practices, and the presence of specific risk factors. Infection rates tend to be higher in areas where consumption of raw or undercooked meat is common and where contact with cat feces is more likely.
In many developed countries, including the United States and parts of Europe, seroprevalence studies suggest that a significant portion of the population has been exposed to Toxoplasma gondii, indicating past infection. However, not everyone who is exposed to the parasite develops symptoms, and the infection often goes unnoticed.
The importance of toxoplasmosis is underscored by its potential impact on pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems. Implementing preventive measures, such as proper food handling and hygiene practices, can help reduce the risk of infection.
What causes toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite has a complex life cycle involving two main hosts: intermediate hosts (including humans and other warm-blooded animals) and definitive hosts (mainly cats). The life cycle consists of several stages:
Oocysts in Cat Feces:
Cats shed oocysts (eggs of the parasite) in their feces. The oocysts become infectious after a period of sporulation in the environment.
Ingestion by Intermediate Hosts:
Intermediate hosts, including humans, become infected by ingesting oocysts. This can occur through consumption of contaminated food or water, handling cat litter, or ingesting undercooked meat containing tissue cysts.
Tissue Cyst Formation:
Once inside the intermediate host, the parasites form tissue cysts, primarily in muscle tissue and the brain.
Lifecycle Completion in Cats:
If a cat ingests infected tissue, the parasite completes its life cycle in the cat's digestive system, producing oocysts that are excreted in the feces, restarting the cycle.
Human-to-human transmission is rare, except in cases of organ transplantation or mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy.
Preventive measures, such as proper food handling, cooking meat thoroughly, and avoiding contact with cat feces, can reduce the risk of acquiring toxoplasmosis.
How do you get toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasmosis is typically contracted through:
Ingesting Contaminated Food or Water:
Consuming undercooked or raw meat, especially lamb, pork, and venison, that contains Toxoplasma cysts. Additionally, drinking contaminated water or consuming unwashed fruits and vegetables contaminated with oocysts can lead to infection.
Handling Cat Litter:
Contact with cat feces, particularly during cleaning of a cat's litter box. The oocysts shed in cat feces can be infectious.
Mother-to-Child Transmission:
In pregnant women, the infection can be transmitted to the fetus if the mother becomes infected during pregnancy.
Organ Transplantation or Blood Transfusion:
Although rare, transmission can occur through organ transplantation or blood transfusion from an infected donor.
For most healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis is asymptomatic or causes only mild flu-like symptoms. However, it can lead to severe complications in certain groups, such as pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems. Taking preventive measures, such as cooking meat thoroughly, practicing good hygiene (especially when handling cat litter), and avoiding consumption of untreated water, helps reduce the risk of contracting toxoplasmosis.
What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis in humans?
Toxoplasmosis symptoms can vary widely and may include:
● Flu-Like Symptoms:
Fever, muscle aches, and fatigue are common, resembling symptoms of the flu.
● Swollen Lymph Nodes:
Enlarged and tender lymph nodes, particularly in the neck.
● Headache:
Persistent or severe headaches.
● Sore Throat:
Inflammation and discomfort in the throat.
● Muscle Pain:
Generalized or focal muscle pain.
● Fatigue:
Persistent and unexplained tiredness.
Healthy individuals may not experience noticeable symptoms, or the symptoms may be mild and self-limiting. However, toxoplasmosis can be more severe in certain populations, leading to complications affecting the eyes, brain, and other organs. In severe cases, symptoms can include confusion, seizures, and neurological issues.
Pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems are at greater risk of severe outcomes, and prompt medical attention is crucial if symptoms are present, especially in these high-risk groups.
How is toxoplasmosis diagnosed?
Toxoplasmosis can be diagnosed through various methods:
■ Blood Tests:
Serologic tests, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests, can detect antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. IgM antibodies indicate recent infection, while IgG antibodies suggest past or chronic infection.
■ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
PCR tests can detect the genetic material of the parasite in blood, amniotic fluid, or other tissue samples. This method is more sensitive and can confirm acute infection.
■ Tissue Biopsy:
In severe cases where there is organ involvement, a biopsy of affected tissues (e.g., brain or muscle) may be performed to identify the presence of the parasite.
■ Amniotic Fluid Analysis:
For pregnant women, testing amniotic fluid can help determine if the fetus has been infected.
The choice of diagnostic method depends on factors such as the clinical presentation, the stage of infection, and the specific population (e.g., pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals). If toxoplasmosis is suspected, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional who can recommend appropriate tests and interpret the results. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial, especially in high-risk groups.
What tests will be done to diagnose toxoplasmosis?
The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis typically involves serologic tests to detect antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. The primary blood tests used for diagnosis include:
● IgM Antibody Test:
This test detects IgM antibodies, which are indicative of recent or acute infection.
● IgG Antibody Test:
This test identifies IgG antibodies, which suggest past or chronic infection. If both IgM and IgG antibodies are present, it may indicate a recent infection.
If toxoplasmosis is suspected in a pregnant woman, additional tests may include:
● Amniotic Fluid Analysis:
This test is conducted to check for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in the amniotic fluid. It helps determine if the fetus has been infected.
● Ultrasound Imaging:
To monitor the fetus for signs of congenital toxoplasmosis, including abnormalities or enlargement of organs.
In cases of severe infection or complications, additional diagnostic methods such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) tests or tissue biopsy may be employed.
It's important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate testing based on individual circumstances and symptoms.
How is it toxoplasmosis treated?
The treatment of toxoplasmosis depends on the severity of the infection and the individual's health status. In healthy individuals, mild cases may not require specific treatment, as the immune system often clears the infection on its own.
For more severe cases, especially in pregnant women, individuals with weakened immune systems, or those with symptoms affecting the eyes or central nervous system, treatment options include:
■ Antimicrobial Medications:
The most commonly prescribed medication is pyrimethamine, often combined with sulfadiazine and leucovorin. This combination helps to inhibit the growth of the parasite.
■ Spiramycin:
In pregnant women, spiramycin may be used to prevent the transmission of the infection to the fetus.
■ Corticosteroids:
In cases of severe inflammation or complications, corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
It's crucial for individuals with toxoplasmosis to receive treatment under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Pregnant women, in particular, should seek prompt medical attention to minimize the risk of transmitting the infection to the unborn child. Regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential to assess the effectiveness of treatment and manage any potential side effects.
What medications are used to treat toxoplasmosis?
The primary medications used to treat toxoplasmosis include:
● Pyrimethamine:
This medication is often a key component of toxoplasmosis treatment. It inhibits the growth of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite.
● Sulfadiazine:
Frequently used in combination with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine helps enhance the effectiveness of the treatment.
● Leucovorin (Folinic Acid):
Administered in conjunction with pyrimethamine to mitigate potential side effects, particularly bone marrow suppression.
In pregnant women, spiramycin may be prescribed to prevent the transmission of the infection to the fetus.
It's important to note that the use and combination of these medications may vary based on the severity of the infection, the individual's health status, and any underlying conditions. Treatment should be supervised by a healthcare professional, and regular monitoring is essential to assess the response to medications and manage potential side effects.
How soon after treatment will I feel better?
The time it takes to feel better after treatment for toxoplasmosis can vary depending on factors such as the severity of the infection, overall health, and individual response to medications. In some cases, improvement may be noticeable within a few days to weeks after starting treatment, especially for mild cases.
However, for more severe cases or infections affecting vital organs, it may take a longer time for symptoms to resolve. It's important to complete the full course of prescribed medications even if symptoms improve, as stopping treatment prematurely can lead to a recurrence of the infection.
Individuals undergoing treatment for toxoplasmosis should have regular follow-up appointments with their healthcare provider to monitor progress, adjust treatment if necessary, and address any concerns or side effects. If you have specific questions about your treatment timeline, it's best to discuss them with your healthcare professional, as they can provide personalized information based on your health condition.
How do I take care of myself with toxoplasmosis?
If you have toxoplasmosis, here are some general guidelines to take care of yourself:
■ Follow Medical Advice:
Adhere to the treatment plan prescribed by your healthcare provider. Take medications as directed, and attend follow-up appointments to monitor your progress.
■ Rest and Hydration:
Get adequate rest to support your immune system. Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, to stay hydrated.
■ Good Nutrition:
Maintain a healthy and balanced diet to support your overall health and recovery.
■ Avoid Risky Foods:
During treatment, it's advisable to avoid raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and raw eggs, as these can pose additional risks.
■ Practice Good Hygiene:
Wash your hands thoroughly after handling raw meat, using the restroom, or cleaning a cat's litter box. This helps prevent the spread of the parasite.
■ Protect Others:
If you are pregnant, take extra precautions to prevent transmission to the unborn child. Follow your healthcare provider's advice on minimizing exposure to the infection.
■ Monitor Symptoms:
Be vigilant about any changes in symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Report any concerns to your healthcare provider promptly.
■ Avoid Cat Litter Handling:
If possible, have someone else handle the cat litter box. If you must do it yourself, wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward.
Always consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice and to address any specific concerns you may have about your condition and its management.
How can I prevent toxoplasmosis?
To reduce the risk of contracting toxoplasmosis, consider the following preventive measures:
● Cook Meat Thoroughly:
Cook all meat, especially pork, lamb, and venison, to a safe internal temperature to kill Toxoplasma cysts.
● Wash Hands Thoroughly:
Practice good hand hygiene, especially after handling raw meat, using the restroom, or cleaning a cat's litter box.
● Avoid Raw or Undercooked Eggs:
Cook eggs until both the yolk and white are firm, and avoid consuming raw or undercooked eggs.
● Wash Fruits and Vegetables:
Thoroughly wash and peel fruits and vegetables before eating to reduce the risk of ingesting contaminated soil.
● Avoid Unpasteurized Dairy Products:
Consume only pasteurized dairy products to prevent the risk of Toxoplasma contamination.
● Be Cautious with Cat Litter:
If you have a cat, have someone else handle the litter box if possible. If you must do it yourself, wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward. Clean the litter box daily.
● Protect from Contaminated Soil:
Wear gloves while gardening and during other activities that involve contact with soil, and wash hands afterward.
● Be Mindful During Pregnancy:
If you're pregnant, be particularly cautious about handling cat litter and follow additional guidelines provided by your healthcare provider to reduce the risk of transmission to the unborn child.
These precautions are especially important for pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems. If you have specific concerns or questions about preventing toxoplasmosis, consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice based on your health and circumstances.
What is the outlook for toxoplasmosis?
The outlook for toxoplasmosis depends on various factors, including the individual's overall health, the severity of the infection, and how quickly it is diagnosed and treated. Here are some key considerations:
■ Healthy Individuals:
In otherwise healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis often resolves on its own or with appropriate treatment. Many people may not even be aware that they have been infected.
■ Pregnant Women:
Early detection and treatment are crucial for pregnant women with toxoplasmosis to reduce the risk of transmitting the infection to the unborn child. With prompt and effective management, outcomes can be favorable.
■ Immunocompromised Individuals:
Individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing immunosuppressive treatments, are at greater risk of severe complications. The outlook can be more guarded in these cases, and ongoing medical management is essential.
■ Eye and Central Nervous System Involvement:
In cases where toxoplasmosis affects the eyes or central nervous system, the outlook depends on factors such as the extent of organ involvement and how well the infection responds to treatment.
It's important to note that toxoplasmosis can have different outcomes for different individuals. Regular follow-up with healthcare providers, adherence to prescribed treatments, and monitoring for any complications are crucial for a positive prognosis. Early detection and appropriate management significantly contribute to a better outlook in cases of toxoplasmosis.
Does toxoplasmosis ever go away?
Yes, toxoplasmosis can resolve on its own, especially in healthy individuals with intact immune systems. The immune system is generally effective in controlling the infection, and many people may not even experience noticeable symptoms.
In cases where medical treatment is necessary, such as for pregnant women, individuals with weakened immune systems, or severe cases affecting specific organs, appropriate treatment can help eliminate the active infection. However, it's important to note that the parasite can persist in a dormant or latent form within the body, typically within tissue cysts. While treatment can control the active infection, it may not completely eliminate these latent cysts.
For individuals with chronic or latent toxoplasmosis, the parasite can remain in the body for a long time, potentially for life. In healthy individuals, these dormant forms typically do not cause symptoms. However, in individuals with weakened immune systems, the parasite may reactivate, leading to recurrent infections.
If you suspect you have toxoplasmosis or have concerns about your health, it's crucial to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management based on your specific circumstances.
How do I take care of myself with toxoplasmosis?
If you have toxoplasmosis, here are some general guidelines to take care of yourself:
● Follow Medical Advice:
Adhere to the treatment plan prescribed by your healthcare provider. Take medications as directed and attend follow-up appointments.
● Rest and Hydration:
Get adequate rest to support your immune system. Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, to stay hydrated.
● Good Nutrition:
Maintain a healthy and balanced diet to support your overall health and recovery.
● Avoid Risky Foods:
During treatment, avoid raw or undercooked meat, unpasteurized dairy products, and raw eggs to reduce the risk of additional infections.
● Practice Good Hygiene:
Wash your hands thoroughly after handling raw meat, using the restroom, or cleaning a cat's litter box. This helps prevent the spread of the parasite.
● Protect Others:
If you are pregnant, take extra precautions to prevent transmission to the unborn child. Follow your healthcare provider's advice on minimizing exposure to the infection.
● Monitor Symptoms:
Be vigilant about any changes in symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Report any concerns to your healthcare provider promptly.
● Avoid Cat Litter Handling:
If possible, have someone else handle the cat litter box. If you must do it yourself, wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward.
Always consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice and to address any specific concerns you may have about your condition and its management.
When should I see my healthcare provider?
You should see your healthcare provider if:
■ You Suspect Toxoplasmosis:
If you experience symptoms suggestive of toxoplasmosis, such as flu-like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes, or other unexplained health issues.
■ You are Pregnant:
If you are pregnant and suspect you may have been exposed to toxoplasmosis, seek medical attention promptly.
■ You Have Weakened Immune System:
If you have a weakened immune system due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive treatments, as toxoplasmosis can pose more significant risks in such cases.
■ Severe Symptoms:
If you experience severe symptoms such as confusion, seizures, or severe headaches.
■ Eye Symptoms:
If you notice changes in your vision, eye pain, or other eye-related symptoms.
■Following a Possible Exposure:
If you have been exposed to potential sources of Toxoplasma gondii, such as raw or undercooked meat, cat litter, or contaminated water.
Seeking prompt medical attention is crucial for early diagnosis and appropriate management. Your healthcare provider can perform tests to determine if you have toxoplasmosis and recommend the necessary treatment based on your specific circumstances. If you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system, early intervention is particularly important.
What questions should I ask my doctor?
When discussing toxoplasmosis with your doctor, consider asking the following questions:
Diagnosis and Severity:
● How is toxoplasmosis diagnosed?
● What tests will be conducted to confirm the diagnosis?
● How severe is my case of toxoplasmosis?
Treatment Plan:
● What is the recommended treatment for toxoplasmosis in my case?
● How long will the treatment last?
● What are the potential side effects of the prescribed medications?
Preventive Measures:
● Are there specific precautions or lifestyle changes I should follow to prevent the spread of the infection?
● How can I prevent toxoplasmosis from recurring in the future?
Pregnancy Concerns:
● If pregnant, how will toxoplasmosis affect the baby?
● What precautions should I take during pregnancy?
● Are there any risks to the unborn child?
Follow-Up and Monitoring:
● How often should I have follow-up appointments?
● What will be monitored during follow-up visits?
● When can I expect improvement in symptoms?
Transmission and Contagion:
● Can toxoplasmosis be transmitted to others?
● How can I prevent spreading the infection to family members or pets?
Immune System Impact:
● If applicable, how does my compromised immune system impact the course of toxoplasmosis?
Lifestyle and Diet:
● Are there dietary restrictions or recommendations during treatment?
● Can I continue with my usual activities and exercise routine?
Contact with Cats:
● How can I safely handle cat litter and minimize contact with cats during treatment?
Always follow your doctor's advice, and feel free to ask any additional questions or express any concerns you may have about your specific situation.
How do I know if my cat has toxoplasmosis?
Cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii may not show obvious symptoms. However, some signs that your cat may have toxoplasmosis include:
■ Flu-Like Symptoms:
Cats may exhibit flu-like symptoms such as lethargy, loss of appetite, and fever.
■ Muscle Pain:
Cats may show signs of muscle pain or discomfort.
■ Respiratory Issues:
Labored breathing or coughing may occur in infected cats.
Eye Problems: Toxoplasmosis can affect the eyes, leading to symptoms like redness, tearing, or squinting.
It's important to note that these symptoms can be indicative of various health issues, and toxoplasmosis is just one potential cause. If you suspect your cat may have toxoplasmosis, or if you observe any concerning symptoms, it's crucial to consult with a veterinarian for a proper diagnosis.
To reduce the risk of transmission, especially if you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system:
■ Avoid handling cat litter if possible. If you must, wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward.
■ Ensure your cat is fed only commercial cat food or well-cooked meat, not raw or undercooked meat.
■ Keep your cat indoors to minimize exposure to potentially contaminated environments.
Regular veterinary check-ups and preventive measures can help maintain your cat's health and reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis transmission.
What percent of cat owners have toxoplasmosis?
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cat owners can vary depending on factors such as geographic location, lifestyle, and individual behaviors. According to studies, the seroprevalence (the presence of antibodies indicating past exposure) of toxoplasmosis in the general population tends to be higher than the prevalence in cat owners specifically.
In many regions, a significant portion of the population, including cat owners, has been exposed to Toxoplasma gondii at some point in their lives. However, the majority of individuals infected with the parasite, including cat owners, do not necessarily experience symptoms or health issues.
It's important to note that the risk of contracting toxoplasmosis from a pet cat can be minimized through proper hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after handling cat litter and avoiding contact with potentially contaminated soil. Additionally, maintaining regular veterinary care for your cat and ensuring they are fed commercial cat food or well-cooked meat can contribute to reducing the risk of transmission.
Do I have to get rid of my cat if I’m pregnant or have a weakened immune system?
No, you do not necessarily have to get rid of your cat if you are pregnant or have a weakened immune system. However, there are precautions you can take to minimize the risk of toxoplasmosis transmission:
● Cat Litter Handling:
If possible, have someone else handle the cat litter box. If you must do it yourself, wear gloves and wash your hands thoroughly afterward.
● Hygiene Practices:
Wash your hands thoroughly after handling your cat, especially after cleaning the litter box, and avoid touching your face before washing.
● Indoor Cats:
If your cat is kept indoors and does not hunt, the risk of acquiring Toxoplasma gondii is significantly reduced.
● Commercial Cat Food:
Feed your cat commercial cat food or well-cooked meat instead of raw or undercooked meat.
● Regular Veterinary Care:
Ensure your cat receives regular veterinary check-ups to maintain its health and reduce the risk of carrying the parasite.
Consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice based on your health condition. It's important to strike a balance between enjoying the companionship of your cat and taking necessary precautions to reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis transmission.
Conclusion:
Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. While it can affect a wide range of warm-blooded animals, including humans, the severity of the infection varies. For most healthy individuals, toxoplasmosis may not cause noticeable symptoms or may result in mild flu-like symptoms. However, it can pose risks to pregnant women and individuals with weakened immune systems.
Preventive measures include proper hygiene, cooking meat thoroughly, and avoiding contact with cat feces. Diagnosis involves serologic tests and, if needed, additional tests like PCR or tissue biopsy. Treatment, when necessary, includes medications like pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.
The outlook for toxoplasmosis depends on factors such as overall health, the severity of the infection, and how quickly it is diagnosed and treated. Timely medical attention and adherence to prescribed treatments contribute to a positive prognosis.
If you suspect toxoplasmosis or have concerns about your health, consult with your healthcare provider. Follow their advice, ask relevant questions, and take appropriate measures to care for yourself based on your specific circumstances. If you have a cat, you can still enjoy their companionship while implementing precautions to minimize the risk of transmission.
